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Hypertension Screening: Charts |
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| Burden of Disease |
Mortality1
480,000 Americans die each year from coronary heart disease (CHD)
57,000 Americans die each year from heart failure (CHF)
158,000 Americans die each year from strokes
Hypertension Attributable Mortality2
118,000 Americans die each year from hypertension attributable CHD
19,000 Americans die each year from hypertension attributable CHF
61,000 Americans die each year from hypertension attributable strokes |
Morbidity3
565,000 Americans suffer an incident myocardial infarction each year; 300,000 suffer a recurrent myocardial infarction
500,000 Americans suffer an incident stroke each year; 200,000 suffer a recurrent stroke
550,000 Americans develop CHF each year |
Prevalence of Hypertension4
30% of Americans either have high blood pressure or are taking antihypertensive medication. |
| Effectiveness |
Effectiveness of drug treatment in clinical trials2
- 20% effective against CHD deaths
- 24% effective against CHF deaths
- 39% effective against stroke deaths |
| Improvability |
Screening Rates5
93% of men and 97% of women over age 18 reported that they had their blood pressure checked in the previous 2 years.
Adherence
Most adults are up-to-date with screening. 40% of patients adhere to long term treatment.2 Improving patient adherence with drug treatment offers the greatest opportunity for improving the impact of this service.
Hypertension Control6
One-third of patients with hypertension have their hypertension controlled. |
| Cost7 |
Annual Per Person Medical Cost of Service: $101 |
| Annual Per Person Medical Cost of Savings: $46 |
| Annual Net Costs: $55 |
| % of Service Recovered in Long Run: 46% |
Sources and Footnotes:
1. Hoyert DL, Kung HC, Smith BL. Deaths:preliminary data for 2003. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2005 Feb 28;53(15):1-48.
2. Refer to the technical report on hypertension for a fuller discussion of these data and references.
3. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, Howard VJ, Runsfeld J, Manolio T, Zheng ZJ, Flegal K, O’Donnell C, Kittner S, et al.
Heart disease and stroke statistics －2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee
and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2006 Feb 14;113(6):e85-151.
4. National Center for Health Statistics. Health United States 2005, With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans.
Hyattsville, MD: 2005.
5. State-specific trends in self-reported blood pressure screening and high blood pressure-United States, 1991-1999.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002 May 31;51(21):456-60.
6. Racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension―United States, 1999-2002.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005 Jan 14;54(1):7-9.
7. Five notes on costs and savings: 1) Costs and savings are expressed in year 2005 dollars. 2) Costs and savings are expressed as the per person cost per year over the recommended age range to facilitate use in estimating long-term budget impact. 3) Costs and savings are not discounted to facilitate use in estimating long-term budget impact. As a result, they are not comparable to estimates that would be used in formal cost-effectiveness analysis. Services that are cost-saving from a budgetary perspective may not be cost-saving in an economic analysis that discounts future events to their present value. 4) Costs and savings reflect non-adherence and the recommended frequency of delivery. Therefore, services with less frequent intervals or with lower adherence would have a lower cost than an otherwise identical service. 5) Costs reflect both initial preventive service costs (such as screening and counseling) and necessary follow-up costs such as diagnostic testing, pharmacotherapy, and intensive interventions for weight loss.
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Death Rates
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CHD Deaths
479,304 (2003)
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Stroke Deaths
157,803 (2003)
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CHF Deaths
57,218 (2003)
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Rate per 100,000
(2002)
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Rate per 100,000
(2002)
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Rate per 100,000
(2002)
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| Total (age adjusted) |
170.8
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56.2
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19.4
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| Gender (age adjusted) |
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Male
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220.4
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56.5
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20.4
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Female
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133.6
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55.2
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18.6
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| Race (age adjusted) |
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White
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169.8
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54.2
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19.5
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Black or African American
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203.0
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76.3
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21.8
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American Indian or Alaska Native
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114.0
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37.5
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-
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Asian or Pacific Islander
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98.6
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47.7
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-
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Hispanic or Latino
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138.3
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41.3
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-
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White, not Hispanic or Latino
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171.0
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54.6
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-
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Other
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-
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-
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7.8
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| Age |
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20-24 years
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0.5
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0.6
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0.1*
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25-34 years
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2.5
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1.4
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0.3
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35-44 years
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17.1
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5.4
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0.6
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45-54 years
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63.8
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15.1
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2.5
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55-64 years
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177.7
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37.2
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8.8
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65-74 years
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458.9
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120.3
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33.8
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75-84 years
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1220.2
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431.0
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132.8
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85 years and over
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3775.0
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1445.9
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645.0
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Sources and Footnotes:
National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States 2005, With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: 2004.
Hoyert DL, Kung HC, Smith BL. Deaths: preliminary data for 2003. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2005 Feb 28;53(15):1-48.
CDC Wonder - Compressed Mortality File - Underlying cause-of-death. [Web Page]; http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortSQL.html. [Accessed 28 Mar 2006].
* unreliable rate
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Morbidity
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CHD
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MI
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Stroke
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CHF
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% ever had CHD
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Annual incidence
of CHD per 1000†
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% ever had MI†
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% ever had a stroke
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Annual incidence of first
stroke per 1000
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% ever had CHF
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Total
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6.9%
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3.5%
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2.6%
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2.3%
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Total males
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8.4%
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5.0%
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2.5%
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2.6%
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Total females
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5.6%
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2.3%
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2.6%
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2.1%
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Non-Hispanic white males
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8.9%
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12.5
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5.1%
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2.3%
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1.67
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2.5%
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Non-Hispanic white females
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5.4%
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10.6
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2.4%
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2.6%
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1.38
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1.9%
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Non-Hispanic black males
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7.4%
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4.0
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4.5%
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4.0%
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3.23
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3.1%
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Non-Hispanic black females
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7.5%
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5.1
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2.7%
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3.9%
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2.60
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3.5%
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Mexican-American males
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5.6%
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3.4%
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2.6%
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2.7%
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Mexican-American females
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4.3%
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1.6%
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1.8%
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1.6%
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Hispanic or Latino
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4.5%
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2.2%
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| Asian |
3.8%
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1.8%
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| American Indian/Alaska Native |
8.2%
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3.1%
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Sources and Footnotes:
Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, Howard VJ, Rumsfeld J, Manolio T, Zheng ZJ, Flegal K O'Donnell C, Kittner S, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2006 Feb 14;113(6):e85-151.
* myocardial infarction (heart attack)
† estimated as rate per 1000 person years |
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Hypertension Among People 20+ years of age
by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic origin
U.S. 1999-2002
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| Population Group |
Percent of Population
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| U.S. Population, ages 20+ years* |
30.0
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| Gender |
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Male
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28.8
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Female
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30.6
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| Race/ethnicity, ages 20+ years* |
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Non-Hispanic white male
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27.6
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Non-Hispanic white female
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28.5
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Non-Hispanic Black or African American male
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40.6
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Non-Hispanic Black or African American female
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43.5
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Mexican male
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26.8
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Mexican female
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27.9
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| Poverty Status*† |
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Poor
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33.9
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Near poor
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33.5
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Nonpoor
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28.2
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| Age, Male |
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20-34 years
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8.1**
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35-44 years
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17.1
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45-54 years
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31.0
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55-64 years
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45.0
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65-74 years
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59.6
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75 years and over
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69.0
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| Age, Female |
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20-34 years
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2.7**
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35-44 years
|
15.1
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45-54 years
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31.8
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55-64 years
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53.9
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65-74 years
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72.7
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75 years and over
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83.1
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Sources and Footnotes:
National Center for Health Statistics. Health United States 2005, With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: 2005.
*Age adjusted
**Unreliable estimate.
†Poor - under poverty threshold, near poor - 100-200% poverty level, non-poor ≧ 200% poverty level.
A person with hypertension is defined by either having systolic pressure of at least 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure of at least 90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication. |
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Percentage of adults who had their blood pressure
checked within the past two years
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| Characteristic |
Blood pressure checked (%) |
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Age group (years)
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20-44
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93.0
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45-64
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95.1
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> 65
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97.8
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Race/ethnicity
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Non-Hispanic, white
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94.8
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Non-Hispanic, black
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96.8
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Hispanic
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91.6
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Other
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93.1
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Sex
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Male
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92.5
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Female
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96.5
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Education
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< High school
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90.1
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High school/GED
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93.8
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Some college
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95.5
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College graduate
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95.9
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Source and Footnote:
State-specific trends in self-reported blood pressure screening and high blood pressure United States, 1991-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002 May 31;51(21):456-60.
* All data are self-reported and age-adjusted to the 2000 US |
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Percentage of US adults with hypertension* who are treated for†,
and in control‡ of their condition
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Under current treatment (%)
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Condition Controlled (%)
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| Total** |
45.3
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29.3
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| Gender** |
|
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Men
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45.2
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27.5
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Women
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56.1
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35.5
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| Race/Ethnicity** |
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White, non-Hispanic
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48.6
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29.8
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Black, non-Hispanic
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55.4
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29.8
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Mexican American
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34.9
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17.3
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| Age group (years) |
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20-39
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28.1
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17.6
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40-59
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61.2
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65.6
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>60
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65.6
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31.4
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Source and Footnotes:
Racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension―United States, 1999-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005 Jan 14;54(1):7-9.
* Had blood pressure measurement > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic or took antihypertensive medication.
† Took antihypertensive medication.
‡ Hypertension levels <140 mm Hg systolic and <90 mm Hg diastolic.
** Age adjusted. |
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